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GNOME is a large application and will take some time to compile, even on a fast computer. If this file does not exist, create it with this command:. A third method is to use XDM as the display manager. KDE is another easy-to-use desktop environment. This desktop provides a suite of applications with a consistent look and feel, a standardized menu and toolbars, keybindings, color-schemes, internationalization, and a centralized, dialog-driven desktop configuration. To instead build the KDE port, use the following command.

Installing the port will provide a menu for selecting which components to install. KDE is a large application and will take some time to compile, even on a fast computer. KDE uses D-Bus for a message bus and hardware abstraction.

These applications are automatically installed as dependencies of KDE. A possible replacement is SDDM. To install it, type:. A second method for launching KDE Plasma is to type startx from the command line. Once KDE Plasma is started, refer to its built-in help system for more information on how to use its various menus and applications.

However, it is more lightweight and provides a simple, efficient, easy-to-use desktop. It is fully configurable, has a main panel with menus, applets, and application launchers, provides a file manager and sound manager, and is themeable.

Since it is fast, light, and efficient, it is ideal for older or slower machines with memory limitations. Xfce uses D-Bus for a message bus. This application is automatically installed as dependency of Xfce. An alternate method is to use XDM. Desktop effects can cause quite a load on the graphics card. For an nVidia-based graphics card, the proprietary driver is required for good performance. Users of other graphics cards can skip this section and continue with the xorg.

To determine which nVidia driver is needed see the FAQ question on the subject. Having determined the correct driver to use for your card, installation is as simple as installing any other package. The driver will create a kernel module, which needs to be loaded at system startup.

Use sysrc 8 to load the module at startup:. To immediately load the kernel module into the running kernel issue a command like kldload nvidia.

However, it has been noted that some versions of Xorg will not function properly if the driver is not loaded at boot time. With the kernel module loaded, you normally only need to change a single line in xorg. Start the GUI as usual, and you should be greeted by the nVidia splash. Everything should work as usual. Locate the "Subsection" that refers to the screen resolution that you wish to use.

For example, if you wish to use x, locate the section that follows. If the desired resolution does not appear in any subsection, you may add the relevant entry by hand:. When the installation is finished, start your graphic desktop and at a terminal, enter the following commands as a normal user :.

Your screen will flicker for a few seconds, as your window manager e. Emerald takes care of the window decorations i. You may convert this to a trivial script and have it run at startup automatically e. Save this in your home directory as, for example, start-compiz and make it executable:.

To actually select all the desired effects and their settings, execute again as a normal user the Compiz Config Settings Manager:. If the mouse does not work, you will need to first configure it before proceeding. In recent Xorg versions, the InputDevice sections in xorg. To restore the old behavior, add the following line to the ServerLayout or ServerFlags section of this file:.

Input devices may then be configured as in previous versions, along with any other options needed e. This section contains partially outdated information. As previously explained the hald daemon will, by default, automatically detect your keyboard.

For example if, one wants to use a PC keys keyboard coming with a french layout, we have to create a keyboard configuration file for hald called xinput. This file should contain the following lines:. If this file already exists, just copy and add to your file the lines regarding the keyboard configuration.

It is possible to do the same configuration from an X terminal or a script with this command line:. The xorg. Open the file in a text editor such as emacs 1 or ee 1. If the monitor is an older or unusual model that does not support autodetection of sync frequencies, those settings can be added to xorg. Most monitors support sync frequency autodetection, making manual entry of these values unnecessary.

For the few monitors that do not support autodetection, avoid potential damage by only entering values provided by the manufacturer. The xset 1 program controls the time-outs and can force standby, suspend, or off modes. If you wish to enable DPMS features for your monitor, you must add the following line to the monitor section:.

While the xorg. This is defined in the "Screen" section:. The DefaultDepth keyword describes the color depth to run at by default. This can be overridden with the -depth command line switch to Xorg 1. The Modes keyword describes the resolution to run at for the given color depth.

In the example above, the default color depth is twenty-four bits per pixel. At this color depth, the accepted resolution is by pixels. One of the tools available to assist you during troubleshooting process are the Xorg log files, which contain information on each device that the Xorg server attaches to. The exact name of the log can vary from Xorg. If all is well, the configuration file needs to be installed in a common location where Xorg 1 can find it.

The Xorg configuration process is now complete. Xorg may be now started with the startx 1 utility. The Xorg server may also be started with the use of xdm 8. See the agp 4 driver manual page for more information. This will allow configuration of the hardware as any other graphics board. Note on systems without the agp 4 driver compiled in the kernel, trying to load the module with kldload 8 will not work.

This section assumes a bit of advanced configuration knowledge. If attempts to use the standard configuration tools above have not resulted in a working configuration, there is information enough in the log files to be of use in getting the setup working. Use of a text editor will be necessary.

Examples of some common screen resolutions for aspect ratios are:. At some point, it will be as easy as adding one of these resolutions as a possible Mode in the Section "Screen" as such:. If those ModeLines do not exist in the drivers, one might need to give Xorg a little hint. Simply look for information resembling this:.

This information is called EDID information. Creating a ModeLine from this is just a matter of putting the numbers in the correct order:. So that the ModeLine in Section "Monitor" for this example would look like this:.

The most common would be:. This is usually the case when you upgrade Xorg. Wayland is a new software for supporting graphical user interfaces, but it differs from Xorg in several important ways. First, Wayland is only a protocol that acts as an intermediary between clients using a different mechanism which removes the dependency on an X server. Xorg includes both the X11 protocol, used to run remote displays and the X server will accept connections and display windows.

Under Wayland, the compositor or window manager provides the display server instead of a traditional X server. Second, Wayland can manage composite communications between clients and a compositor as a separate entity which does not need to support the X protocols. Wayland is relatively new, and not all software has been updated to run natively without Xwayland support. Because Wayland does not provide the X server, and expects compositors to provide that support, X11 window managers that do not yet support Wayland will require that Xwayland is not started with the -rootless parameter.

The -rootless parameter, when removed, will restore X11 window manager support. The current NVidia driver should work with most wl-roots compositors, but it may be a little unstable and not support all features at this time. Currently, a lot of software will function with minimal issues on Wayland, including Firefox. And a few desktops are also available, such as the Compiz Fusion replacement, known as Wayfire, and the i3 window manager replacement, Sway. To use Plasma under Wayland, use the startplasma-wayland parameter to ck-launch-session and tie in dbus with: ck-launch-session dbus-run-session startplasma-wayland to get it working.

For compositors, a kernel supporting the evdev 4 driver must exist to utilize the keybinding functionality. This is built into the GENERIC kernel by default; however, if it has been customized and evdev 4 support was stripped out, the evdev 4 module will need to be loaded.

In addition, users of Wayland will need to be members of the video group. To quickly make this change, use the pw command:. Installing Wayland is simple; there is not a great deal of configuration for the protocol itself. Most of the composition will depend on the chosen compositor.

By installing seatd now, a step is skipped as part of the compositor installation and configuration as seatd is needed to provide non-root access to certain devices. Begin by installing the following packages:. Once the protocol and supporting packages have been installed, a compositor must create the user interface. Several compositors will be covered in the following sections.

All compositors using Wayland will need a runtime directory defined in the environment, which can be achieved with the following command in the bourne shell:.

It is recommended that an alias be configured for each compositor to load the designated configuration file. Consider that scenario when reviewing the configuration examples in the following sections. The seatd daemon helps manage access to shared system devices for non-root users in compositors; this includes graphics cards. For traditional X11 managers, seatd is not needed, such as both Plasma and GNOME, but for the Wayland compositors discussed here, it will need enabled on the system and be running before starting a compositor environment.

To enable and start the seatd daemon now, and on system initialization:. Afterward, a compositor, which is similar to an X11 desktop, will need to be installed for the GUI environment. Three are discussed here, including basic configuration options, setting up a screen lock, and recommendations for more information. Wayfire is a compositor that aims to be lightweight and customizable. Several features are available, and it brings back several elements from the previously released Compiz Fusion desktop.

All of the parts look beautiful on modern hardware. To get Wayfire up and running, begin by installing the required packages:. The alacritty package provides a terminal emulator. Still, it is not completely required as other terminal emulators such as kitty , and XFCE-4 Terminal have been tested and verified to work under the Wayfire compositor. Wayfire configuration is relatively simple; it uses a file that should be reviewed for any customizations.

To begin, copy the example file over to the runtime environment configuration directory and then edit the file:. The defaults for most users should be fine. Within the configuration file, items like the famous cube are pre-configured, and there are instructions to help with the available settings.

A few primary settings of note include:. The position places the output at a specific pixel location specified. The default should be fine for most users. Finally, transform sets a background transform, and scale will scale the output to the specified scale factor. The defaults for these options are generally acceptable; for more information, see the documentation. As mentioned, Wayland is new, and not all applications work with the protocol yet. At this time, sddm does not appear to support starting and managing compositors in Wayland.

The swaylock utility has been used instead in these examples. The configuration file contains options to run swayidle and swaylock for idle and locking of the screen. This option to define the action to take when the system is idle is listed as:. Most of the configuration mentions this key, and it is the traditional Windows key on the keyboard.

Most keyboards have this super key available; however, it should be remapped within this configuration file if it is not available. For example, to lock the screen, press and hold the super key, the shift key, and press the escape key. The default configuration for swaylock will show a grey screen; however, the application is highly customizable and well documented.

In addition, since the swaylock-effects is the version that was installed, there are several options available such as the blur effect, which can be seen using the following command:. There is also the --clock parameter which will display a clock with the date and time on the lock screen. It provides the default options that should be fine for most users.

More advanced options are available; see the PAM documentation for more information. At this point, it is time to test Wayfire and see if it can start up on the system. Just type the following command:.

The compositor should now start and display a background image along with a menu bar at the top of the screen. Wayfire will attempt to list installed compatible applications for the desktop and present them in this drop-down menu; for example, if the XFCE-4 file manager is installed, it will show up in this drop-down menu. If a specific application is compatible and valuable enough for a keyboard shortcut, it may be mapped to a keyboard sequence using the wayfire. Wayfire also has a configuration tool named Wayfire Config Manager.

It is located in the drop-down menu bar but may also be started through a terminal by issuing the following command:. Various Wayfire configuration options, including the composite special effects, maybe enabled, disabled, or configured through this application.

In addition, for a more user-friendly experience, a background manager, panel, and docking application may be enabled in the configuration file:. Changes made through wcm will overwrite custom changes in the wayfire. The wayfire. Finally, the default launcher listed in the wayfire. The Hikari compositor uses several concepts centered around productivity, such as sheets, workspaces, and more.

In that way, it resembles a tiling window manager. Breaking this down, the compositor starts with a single workspace, which is similar to virtual desktops. Hikari uses a single workspace or virtual desktop for user interaction. The workspace is made up of several views, which are the working windows in the compositor grouped as either sheets or groups.

Both sheets and groups are made up of a collection of views; again, the windows that are grouped together. When switching between sheets or groups, the active sheet or group will become known collectively as the workspace. The manual page will break this down into more information on the functions of each but for this document, just consider a single workspace utilizing a single sheet.

Other shells, such as kitty or the Plasma Terminal , will function under Wayland. Users should experiment with their favorite terminal editor to validate compatibility. Hikari uses a configuration file, hikari. An autostart configuration file is not required but may make the migration to this compositor a little easier.

Beginning the configuration is to create the Hikari configuration directory and copy over the configuration file for editing:. The configuration is broken out into various stanzas such as ui, outputs, layouts, and more. For most users, the defaults will function fine; however, some important changes should be made. Changing this variable or altering the hikari. Will launch the alacritty terminal using the bound key press.

While going through the configuration file, it should be noted that the capital letters are used to map keys out for the user. Mapping other keys to applications require an action definition to be created.

For this, the action item should be listed in the actions stanza, for example:. Then an action may be mapped under the keyboard stanza, which is defined within the bindings stanza:. After Hikari is restarted, holding the Windows logo button and pressing the b key on the keyboard will start the web browser. The compositor does not have a menu bar, and it is recommended the user set up, at minimal, a terminal emulator before migration. The manual page contains a great deal of documentation it should be read before performing a full migration.

Another positive aspect about Hikari is that, while migrating to the compositor, Hikari can be started in the Plasma and GNOME desktop environments, allowing for a test-drive before completely migrating.

Locking the screen in Hikari is easy because a default pam. It should be noted that all views not marked public will be hidden.

These views will never accept input when locked but beware of sensitive information being visible. For some users, it may be easier to migrate to a different screen locking utility such as swaylock-effects, discussed in this section. To start Hikari, use the following command:.

The Sway compositor is a tiling compositor that attempts to replace the i3 windows manager. In the forthcoming examples, a fresh installation without migrating any i3 configuration will be assumed. To install Sway and valuable components, issue the following command as the root user:.

For a basic configuration file, issue the following commands and then edit the configuration file after it is copied:. The base configuration file has many defaults, which will be fine for most users. Several important changes should be made like the following:. Next, the terminal emulator was set to be alacritty , and a screen lock command was defined; more on this later.

The output keyword, the mode, the position, a background wallpaper, and Sway is also told to stretch this wallpaper to fill out the screen. Finally, swaylock is set to daemonize and lock the screen after a timeout of seconds, placing the screen or monitor into sleep mode after seconds. The locked background color of , which is black, is also defined here. Using swaylock-effects, a clock may also be displayed with the --clock parameter. See the manual page for more options. The sway-output 5 manual page should also be reviewed; it includes a great deal of information on customing the output options available.

While in Sway, to bring up a menu of applications, hold the Windows logo key mod and press the d key. The menu may be navigated using the arrow keys on the keyboard. There is also a method to manipulate the layout of the bar and add a tray; read the sway-bar 5 manual page for more information. The default configuration adds a date and time to the upper right-hand corner.

See the Bar stanza in the configuration file for an example. By default, the configuration does not include locking the screen outside of the example above, enabling a lockout timer.

Creating a lock key binding requires the following line to the Key bindings section:. Now the screen may be locked using the combination of holding the Windows logo key, pressing and holding shift, and finally pressing return. The default configuration should be acceptable for most users, but more advanced options are available. Read through the PAM documentation for more information.

Finally, to exit Sway and return to the shell, hold the Windows logo key, the shift key, and press the e key. A prompt will be displayed with an option to exit Sway. During migration, Sway can be started through a terminal emulator on an X11 desktop such as Plasma.

This makes testing different changes and key bindings a little easier prior to fully migrating to this compositor. To start Sway, issue the following command:. When installing Wayland, the Xwayland binary should have been installed unless Wayland was built without X11 support.

The development version of Xwayland is recommended and was most likely installed with the Wayland package. Each compositor has a method of enabling or disabling this feature. Once Xwayland has been installed, configure it within the chosen compositor. For Wayfire, the following line is required in the wayfire.

For the Sway compositor, Xwayland should be enabled by default. Finally, for Hikari, no changes are needed. Support for Xwayland is build in by default. To disable that support, rebuild the package from the ports collection and disable Xwayland support at that time. After these changes are made, start the compositor at the command line and execute a terminal from the key bindings. If the compositor was able to properly start the Xwayland X server, these environment variables should look similar to the following:.

In this output, there is a default Wayland display and a display set for the Xwayland server. If the xeyes application starts and the eyes follow the mouse pointer, Xwayland is functioning properly. If an error such as the following is displayed, something happened during the Xwayland intitialization and it may need reinstalled:.

A security feature of Wayland is that, without running an X server, there is not another network listener. Once Xwayland is enabled, this security feature is no longer applicable to the system. For some compositors, such as Wayfire, Xwayland may not start properly. Even though Xwayfire was installed and configured, X11 applications will not start giving a display issue. To work around this, verify that there is already an instance of Xwayland using a UNIX socket through these two methods.

First, check the output from sockstat and search for Xunix:. This suggests the existence of an X11 socket. This can be further verified by attempting to execute Xwayland manually within a terminal emulator running under the compositor:.

Since there is an active X display available using display zero, the environment variable was just set improperly, to fix this, change the DISPLAY environment variable to :0 and attempt to execute the application again. Earlier in this document it was noted that Wayland does not provide the same X server style access as Xorg provides. The FreeBSD Ports collection includes the wayvnc , which will support wlroots based compositors such as the ones discussed here. This application may be installed using:.

Unlike some other packages, wayvnc does not come with a configuration file. Thankfully, the manual page documents the important options and they may be extrapolated into a simple configuration file:.

The key files will need to be generated, and it is highly recommended they be used for increased security of the connection. Thus, to start the wayvnc server, issue the following command:. At the time of this writing, there is no rc. If that functionality is desired, a local startup file will need to be created. This is probably a feature request for the port maintainer. Needing minimal configuration, ly will start Sway, Wayfire, and others by presenting a login window on system initialization.

To install ly , issue the following command:. After a system reboot, a login should appear. If setting ttyv0 up as the login terminal, it may be required to press the alt and F1 keys to properly see the login window.

When the login window appears, using the left and right arrows will swap through different, supported, window managers. One useful Wayland utility which all compositors can make use of is the waybar. While Wayfire does come with a launch menu, an easy-to-use and fast taskbar is a good accessory for any compositor or desktop manager.

A Wayland compatible taskbar that is fast and easy to configure is waybar. It can simulate disk drives; an ISO image file can be mounted as a virtual optical disc drive , and virtual hard disk drives are implemented as. VMware Workstation Pro can save the state of a virtual machine a "snapshot" at any instant. These snapshots can later be restored, effectively returning the virtual machine to the saved state, [5] as it was and free from any post-snapshot damage to the VM.

VMware Workstation includes the ability to group multiple virtual machines in an inventory folder. The machines in such a folder can then be powered on and powered off as a single object, useful for testing complex client-server environments. VMware Workstation versions The future of Workstation and Fusion became uncertain. On 24 April maintenance release Since then versions 14 in , skipping number 13 , 15 in and 16 in were released. In the two packages were combined as VMware Workstation 12, with a free VMware Workstation Player version which, on purchase of a license code, became the higher specification VMware Workstation Pro.

The features of the versions are compared on the VMware web site. VMware Tools, a package with drivers and other software available for the various guest operating systems VMware products support, installs in guest operating systems to add functionality. Tools is updated from time to time, with v Many ready-made virtual machines VMs which run on VMware Player, Workstation, and other virtualization software are available [] for specific purposes, either for purchase or free of charge; for example free Linux -based "browser appliances" with the Firefox or other browser installed [] [] which can be used for safe Web browsing; if infected or damaged it can be discarded and replaced by a clean copy.

The appliance can be configured to automatically reset itself after each use so personal information and other changes are not stored.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hosted hypervisor for Windows and Linux. Current operating systems compatibility matrix [95] [96] [97] Operating system Workstation release Windows 11 Bibcode : CSE ISSN S2CID Retrieved 23 July VMware Workstation 9 Documentation Center. Retrieved 12 December Archived from the original on Retrieved Retrieved 11 May Download site for VMware Player 7.

Retrieved 13 April The Register. ARS Technica. Archived from the original on 13 October Retrieved 8 November Archived from the original on 27 November Archived from the original on 1 August Archived from the original on 13 February Archived from the original on 8 August Retrieved 24 August Retrieved 11 December Retrieved 1 June Retrieved 8 September Retrieved 29 October Retrieved 14 November Retrieved 14 March Retrieved 2 April VMware Knowledge Base.

September 25, Retrieved January 26, September 24, September 21, Retrieved December 2, Katz January 16, October 15, Retrieved 27 April Retrieved 19 October VMware Workstation v14 September continued to be free for non-commercial use. VMware, Inc. VMware Workstation 12 Player is a streamlined desktop virtualization application that runs one or more operating systems on the same computer without rebooting. Archived from the original on 11 October Retrieved 28 January Retrieved 2 June Virtualization software.

Comparison of platform virtualization software. Docker lmctfy rkt. Rump kernel User-mode Linux vkernel. BrandZ cgroups chroot namespaces seccomp. Categories : VMware Virtualization software Windows software Proprietary cross-platform software software. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file.

Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. VMware Workstation Pro 16 icon. Windows Linux. Replay Debugging improved Record Replay [28]. Replay Debugging removed [31]. USB 3. New operating system support Windows 8. The compatibility and performance of USB audio and video devices with virtual machines has been improved.

Easy installation option supports Windows 8. Resolved an issue causing burning CDs with Blu-ray drives to fail while connected to the virtual machine. Resolved an issue that caused using Microsoft Word and Excel in unity mode causes a beep.

Resolved an issue causing host application windows to be blanked out in the UAC dialog on the Linux host of the Windows 8 virtual machine.